Paradigm

What is a paradigm?

The collection of beliefs, assumptions, practices, and concepts is known as a paradigm, a set of theories, and ideas that contribute to your worldview or create the framework from which you operate every day.

For example, it can be when we do or accept something similar to what everyone else does,  it is difficult to be removed because they are a practice that has been existing for a long period, and it needs a multitude of people who think in the same manner to try to delete it. 

  

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

 Kuhn challenged the then prevailing view of progress in science in which scientific progress was observed as "development-by-accumulation" of accepted facts and theories. Kuhn argued for an episodic model in which periods of conceptual continuity where there is cumulative progress, which Kuhn referred to as periods of "normal science", were interrupted by periods of revolutionary science. The discovery of "anomalies" during revolutions in science leads to new paradigms. New paradigms then ask new questions of old data, move beyond the mere "puzzle-solving" of the previous paradigm, and change the rules of the game and the "map" directing new research.

How the social revolutions may fit into this system?

A social revolution is a fundamental change in society. It involves a shift in power in a society. 

An example of this would be: 

1. French Revolution (Normal science) 

2. Terrible living conditions. ( Anomalies) 

3. The Third Estate began to mobilize ( Crisis)

4.  Stormed the Bastille on July 14 ( Revolutionary science)

5. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( normal science) 

References

Cummins, E., & Chapel, L. (2022 de 05). Study.com.

White, D. (16 de 10 de 2021). study.com.

Will Kymlicka

 Will Kymlicka

A Canadian political philosopher best known for his work on multiculturalism, attempted ot stablish three kinds of minority rights.

Firstly, Self-govevernment. This is related to political rights and they are answers claimed by national minorities who ask for political autonomy or terrtorial jurisdiction, so  minority cultures cannot be dismissed by the majority culture in decisions that concern them  directly, for example public policies linked to education, language, exploitation of natural resources, etc. In this kind of minority right we can find groups such as: inmigrants, foreigners, Africans, Natives or indegenous. 

Secondly, polyethnic rights, these are social rights that can take the form of anti-racism policies, for example, modification of the educational curricula. They seek to protect specific cultural and religious practices that may not be adequately legitimized in the majority culture. In this sort of minority right there are groups such as: LGTBQ, womwn, feminist and religious groups. 

Finally, representation rights, this refers to human rights.  They are utilised  to counteracting historical exclusion, that they members have experienced. In this type of minority right we can find  out groups like: students, 3rd age people, kids and teenagers. If they have representation within political institutions, it is less likely that such cultures will be ignored in cultures   and in decision making that affects society as a whole.

I personally believe that this minorities rihgts are fundamental in our societies because people are free  to decide their own destiny, rather than to be ruled by outsiders. Also because rescpecting and taken into account the rights for everyone we do not promote violence or discrimination.  Furthermore, this theory  conteins  positive forms of recognition and accommodation. 

"I have a dream" Dr. Martin Luther King Jr

                                         “I have a dream”

Racism and discrmination have been always  present in our societies.  Over the years, we have seen changes that probably have not  achieved the main goal, which is to eliminate those terms before  mentioned. That is what multiculturalism seeks for, to build nations that provides the same rights and obligations for everyone, taking into account their possibilities, capacities, competences, desires and not how they look like or where they come from. 

That is why, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr
came out with his speech about how they were treated in that time. Even though they, were also part of american nation,they had the same culture and they identified themselves as part of America.  They  did not have the same rights and privileges  as white people and just because their color they were treated different, they were exhiliated from their own country, living in the worse conditions. He wanted  the democracy promises to become true for them. 

I consider that, Dr. King’s  speech was written with the perfect and right words. Why? because he did not promote  a physical fight but a spiritual one. Where they demanded the respect, dignity and discipline for everyone. He asked his nation to be fraternal with each other by acting in an intelligent manner. I believe that,  the dream of  Dr. King has largely become reality in societies because  when there are situation were people are treated different in their same culture or even in another one  most us recognize the injustice and  claim for a fair treatment. Now it can be punished, and before the justice system overlooked all of these actions.  Dr. King’s  speech has inspired people to raise their voices to demand the rights to which they are entitled. 

Studios, 2. (18 de enero de 2017). Martin Luther King Jr. - I Have A Dream (Subtitulado en español) [Completo]. Obtenido de Archivo de video: Recuperado de https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0zxQRHJJuXU&t=4s

 

¿ What is Multiculturalism? 

First of all,  we can see that multiculturalism is the way in which a society deals with cultural diversity, both at the national and at the community level. Then,  In multiculturalism we can identified the following themes: Post colonialism , minority rights, diversity,  Identity and culture.  All those terms have something in common.  

Multiculturalism is a form of identity politics, which means that,a meaningful groups, that differs significantly from other groups, share a history of injustice and grievance; and their psychological and political mission is to explore and act out their group identity. One example of this could be feminism which is a women’s movement that have faced many dificulties over the years.  

Diversity  highlight the capacity of culture to create social and political cohesion, in other words, minority groups are entitled to enjoy their own culture, to use their own language, to profess and practice their own religion, to have the right to freedom of expression and assembly, to have equal opportunities to education and employment, and to enjoy full participation in public life. 

  🙇  Glossary👀

Multiculturalism:  This term describes the manner in which a given society deals with cultural diversity. Based on the underlying assumption that members of often very different cultures can coexist peacefully, multiculturalism expresses the view that society is enriched by preserving, respecting, and even encouraging cultural diversity.  (Robert Longley, 2020)

it refers to cultural diversity that arises from the existence within a

society of two or more groups whose beliefs and practices generate a distinctive sense of

collective identity.

it refers to cultural diversity that arises from the existence within a

society of two or more groups whose beliefs and practices generate a distinctive sense of

collective identity.

Descriptive Multiculturalism: It  refers  to  cultural  diversity  that  arises  from  the  existence  within  a society  of  two  or  more  groups  whose  beliefs  and  practices  generate  a  distinctive  sense  of collective  identity.  

 Normative Multiculturalism:  It refers to individuals’ perceptions about the extent to which interactions between culturally diverse groups, multicultural policies and practices, and diversity-valuing ideologies are common or normative in one’s society.

  Identity: is defined as the product of all the experiences an individual goes through during social interactions to develop a sense of 'who they believe themselves to be'.  It is an individual or collective representation of social categories such as class, gender, age, ethnicity, etc.

Culture: Culture is defined as the collective values, customs, norms, arts, social institutions, and intellectual achievements of a particular society. is the complex whole that includes knowledge, art, law, morals, belief and any other capabilities and habits acquired by human as members of society.

                       

References:

(Robert Longley, 2020)Multiculturalism: both descriptive and normative term - Classical Political Philosophy - StuDocu

(Collen Ward , Sara M. waters, Jaimee Stuart, & Johannes A. Karls, 2020)

Normative Multiculturalism in Socio-Political Context (gvsu.edu)

(StudySmarter) Social Identity: Theory, Meaning & Examples | StudySmarter

 (Geektonight, 2021) What Is Culture? Definition, Characteristics, Components, Types (geektonight.com)

   (The European Centre for Minority Issues Kosovo, 2016) Minority rights: History in a nutshell (ecmikosovo.org)

          

Subject introduction

First class 

 In the introduction of cultural diversity management we talked about the topics  we will be studying in this semester such as multiculturalism, cultural diversity and reconciliation which seek to implement critical thinking. 

On the other hand, we made a virtual session with Mr. Juan Moreno who is the  head of the socio-economic development of ingenous people and carries out different social programs in Oaxaca. 

He talked about the culture of this beautiful place and said that Oaxaca has the second place in Afro-descendant population and the place is taken by Guerrero. 

Among the programs he mentioned are:

 Lenguas vivas, Semillas del talento,  Ventanas del conocimiento and Mujeres del maíz.

One of them, which is Lenguas vivas, seeks to rescue languages through several activities such as lottery games or memorames. 

At the end of the meeting, Mr Moreno mentioned that there are ocassions when people from indegenous commnities wear traditional clothes and they are discriminated because of that or even when they talk in their language. That, let us see that evethought we are in  modern world this kind of situations haven't been removed by the society and also it let us know that there is istill much to be done.